Starter

How has urban land use changed over time?
What are the main factors influencing land use in different cities around the world?

Urban morphology

1. Refers to the spatial structure and organisation of an urban area.
2. Affected by the next factors:

• physical - such as relief and drainage.

To what extent do physical factors still affect the pattern of land use in towns and cities today? Investigate different cities around the world to consider the impacts of relief, drainage and other factors such as soil and rock type and natural hazards on their land use

Urban morphology

1. Refers to the spatial structure and organisation of an urban area.
2. Affected by the next factors:

• physical - relief and drainage.
• human - land value
  - The Peak Land Value Intersection (PLVI) is the point with the highest land value - Marks and Spencer.

Main land-use zones in a city

• Central Business District(CBD): central area that contains the major shops, offices and entertainment facilities

Using Hodder textbook, research to find out which are the other Main land-use zones in a city - list and annotate each one of them.

Main land-use zones in a city

• Central Business District(CBD)
• Inner city: an area of old housing and light manufacturing industry.

Main land-use zones in a city

• Central Business District(CBD)
• Inner city: an area of old housing and light manufacturing industry.
• Residential: housing from a range of periods, which has traditionally increased in both size and price

Main land-use zones in a city

• Central Business District(CBD)
• Inner city
• Residential: housing from a range of periods, which has traditionally increased in both size and price
• Green areas: large botanical gardens of national importance down to playgrounds within a housing estate.

Main land-use zones in a city

• Central Business District(CBD)
• Inner city
• Residential
• Green areas: large botanical gardens of national importance down to playgrounds within a housing estate.
• Out-of-town retail developments: Originally developed by large supermarkets, these spaces soon expanded to include non-food retail units and entertainment complexes.

Main land-use zones in a city

• Central Business District(CBD)
• Inner city
• Residential
• Green areas
• Out-of-town retail developments: Originally developed by large supermarkets, these spaces soon expanded to include non-food retail units and entertainment complexes.
• Business or science parks: on the edge of urban areas with good access to major roads or near universities.

Main land-use zones in a city

• Central Business District(CBD)
• Inner city
• Residential
• Green areas
• Out-of-town retail developments
• Business or science parks: on the edge of urban areas with good access to major roads or near universities.
• Industry: large areas of land located towards the edge of cities where cheaper land is available.

Main land-use zones in a city

• Central Business District(CBD)
• Inner city
• Residential
• Green areas
• Out-of-town retail developments
• Business or science parks
• Industry: large areas of land located towards the edge of cities where cheaper land is available.
• Informal settlements: slums or shanty towns, these are a feature of cities in low-income countries.

Town centre mixed development

Many cities are encouraging the development of functions other than retailing to increase the attractions of the city centre. Explain why is that and what do these include? [9 marks]

Hodder textbook (4 edition), p.395

Town centre mixed development

Many cities are encouraging the development of functions other than retailing to increase the attractions of the city centre. Explain why is that and what do these include? [9 marks]

• the availability of spaces, including gardens and squares or plazas, to enable people-watching and other activities
• the promotion of street entertainment such as at Covent Garden in London
• developing nightlife, such as clubbing.
• developing flagship attractions such as the At-Bristol Science Centre and M Shed museum and gallery in Bristol
• constructing new offices, apartments, hotels and conference centres to raise the status of the CBD for business and encourage tourists to remain near the city centre
• encouraging residential areas to return to city centres

Gentrified areas

- buying and renovating of properties often in more run-down areas by wealthier individuals. Reasons:

• The Rent Gap: the price of property has fallen below its real value and there is a ‘gap’ between actual and potential price.

Gentrified areas

- buying and renovating of properties often in more run-down areas by wealthier individuals. Reasons:

• The Rent Gap
• Commuting costs: Commuting can be time-consuming, expensive and stressful. Moving closer to the city centre can eliminate the need to commute.

Gentrified areas

- buying and renovating of properties often in more run-down areas by wealthier individuals. Reasons:

• The Rent Gap
• Commuting costs
• The ‘pioneer’ image: the trend of creative individuals such as artists and designers moving into more ‘edgy’ neighbourhoods

Gentrified areas

- buying and renovating of properties often in more run-down areas by wealthier individuals. Reasons:

• The Rent Gap
• Commuting costs
• The ‘pioneer’ image
• The support of government and local decision makers: Both groups are keen to improve the economy and environment of inner city areas.

Gentrified areas

- buying and renovating of properties often in more run-down areas by wealthier individuals. Reasons:

• The Rent Gap
• Commuting costs
• The ‘pioneer’ image
• The support of government and local decision makers:
• Changing composition of households: Many cities have seen the growth of single or two-person households without children. These households are more likely to see the benefits of inner-city living.

Gentrified areas

Gentrification has both costs and benefits. Draw a table as shown in Figure 9.16, p.396 Hodder textbook.

Fortress landscapes

Using Hodder textbook p.396, define the key term.
In the UK, a number of relatively simple strategies have been adopted to reduce crime in urban hotspots such as the city centre and inner city estates. What do these include?

Fortress landscapes

Using Hodder textbook p.396, define the ley term.
In the UK, a number of relatively simple strategies have been adopted to reduce crime in urban hotspots such as the city centre and inner city estates. What do these include?

• greater use of closed-circuit television (CCTV)
• railings and fencing around private spaces
• ‘mosquito’ alarms which emit a high-pitched sound heard only by young people, to discourage loitering around certain buildings
• effective use of street lighting
• speed bumps to prevent joyriding.

Edge cities

- self-contained settlements which have emerged beyond the original city boundary and developed as cities in their own right.

• are largely the result of urban sprawl
• develop close to major roads or airports and tend to be found in close proximity to shops, offices and other businesses which decentralised from the original city.
• may lack a clear structure but they do have a wide range of amenities including schools, shopping malls and entertainment facilities.
• have been linked to extreme social segregation, where the wealthy have moved to the new suburban settlements leaving only the poor and disadvantaged sections of society in the original city boundary.

The concept of the postmodern western city

Using Hodder textbook p.398 (4th edition), find out:

• What is postmodernism?

Challenge:

• What evidence of postmodernism exists in UK cities or is it just an “American” thing?

The concept of the postmodern western city

- used to describe the changes that took place in Western society and culture in the late twentieth century.
Both fortress landscapes and edge cities have been viewed as features of the postmodern western city.